(2 of 2)
Restrict the Truth. Nechaev's distinction lies in the fact that his brief life exemplified the basic paradox at the heart of Communism's claims on the human spirit. "Beginning with the ideal of absolute freedom, you arrive at the necessity of absolute tyranny," was Nechaev's sinister aphorism. In these terms he invented the conception of a revolutionary elite, above all moral law because it acted in the name of "the people." He proclaimed the abstract virtue of the "party" above all claims of kin or human obligation, and—generations before it had become a commonplace of totalitarian revolutionaries of left or right—he extolled the virtues of the lie as an instrument of the higher truth.
It is the thesis of Biographer Prawdin that the Soviet academicians of the '20s were right about Nechaev: Lenin indeed owed as much to this peasant zealot as he did to the philosopher Marx. He convincingly argues that Stalin (who came closer than any other socialist to the ideal of absolute tyranny in the name of absolute freedom) was right in suppressing Nechaev on Nechaev's own principle that the truth should not be known except to the elite.
Thus would a prince who believed Machiavelli suppress The Prince. If Communism, as Marx said in 1848, is "a specter haunting Europe," then Nechaev, one of the devil's saints, is a specter haunting Communism.