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An Appendage. It was not surprising, in an adventure so heady, intense and trackless, that dissension developed among the explorers. Largely because he thought that inferiority feelings and power drives were more important than sexuality in emotional growth, Adler broke with Freud in 1911 amid wrangling and recriminations; they were antagonists until Adler's death in 1937. Another reason for Adler's defection was Freud's immoderate admiration and affection for Carl Jung, the only non-Jew (aside from Jones) in the inner circle, and the man clearly designated by Freud as the heir apparent to the couch-throne of psychoanalysis. But by 1913 Jung denied the predominantly sexual nature of the libido, or life energy, and turned his back forever upon Freud.
"The brain is viewed as an appendage of the genital glands," he once bitterly summed up Freud's theory. Jung (TIME, Feb. 14, 1955) lives in Zurich today, a ripe 80, contentedly delving into dreams, yoga. Buddhism, ancient superstitions, tribal rites and other mystic areas.
So the cult of psychoanalysis began to develop its schismatic sects and diametrically opposed dogmatists. But Freudian dogma remained its core, and it began to win acceptance among the unhappy, the emotionally distressed and dispossessed.
It found its place—not among the poor but among the intelligentsia of the West —not among the deeply ill psychotics (Freud felt that psychoanalysis did not appear to be applicable to the psychoses) but among the maladjusted. The Freudian couch was primarily crafted for them.
Psychoanalytic institutes sprang up in Vienna and Geneva, Paris and London, New York and Chicago.
Man of Contradiction. At 19 Berggasse in Vienna Freud plodded on to refine his theories. Having divided the mind into Conscious and Unconscious, he now divided it again into Id, Ego and Superego.
He repeatedly modified his theories about man's basic instincts and, in the '205, suggested that there may really be only two: a life-and-love instinct (Eros*) and an equally strong death-and-aggression instinct (Thanatos).
His self-analysis had left him with few neurotic cares (among them: an anxiety about missing trains and some irregularity of his bowels, or, as he called them, his Konrad). He worked prodigiously for nine months of the year, received patients from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., with only an hour out for lunch, took little longer over dinner with his family (wife, three sons, three daughters and sister-in-law Minna Bernays*) before burying himself in the task of assembling data and writing down his theories. He regularly worked until 1 or 2 a.m.
An inveterate rubberneck, he passed his long summer vacations in almost constant touring, often through Italy and occasionally Greece, but usually without his wife.