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Nature Was There. As men construct better calculating machines, explains Wiener, and as they explore their own brains, the two seem more & more alike. Man, he thinks, is recreating himself, monstrously magnified, in his own image.
The early calculators contained gears, scales and measuring devices. The best modern ones are built chiefly of electron tubes which give a simple "yes or no" answer when stimulated by electrical impulses. This is roughly what the neurons (nerve cells) do in the human brain.
Some modern calculators "remember" by means of electrical impulses circulating for long periods around closed circuits. One kind of human memory is believed to depend on a similar system: groups of neurons connected in rings. The memory impulses go round & round and are called upon when needed. Some calculators use "scanning" as in television. So does the brain. In place of the beam of electrons which scans a television tube, many physiologists believe, the brain has "alpha waves": electrical surges, ten per second, which question the circulating memories.
By copying the human brain, says Professor Wiener, man is learning how to build better calculating machines. And the more he learns about calculators, the better he understands the brain. The cyberneticists are like explorers pushing into a new country and finding that nature, by constructing the human brain, pioneered there before them.
Psychotic Calculators. If calculators are like human brains, do they ever go insane? Indeed they do, says Professor Wiener. Certain forms of insanity in the brain are believed to be caused by circulating memories which have got out of hand. Memory impulses (of worry or fear) go round & round, refusing to be suppressed. They invade other neuron circuits and eventually occupy so much nerve tissue that the brain, absorbed in its worry, can think of nothing else.
The more complicated calculating machines, says Professor Wiener, do this too. An electrical impulse, instead of going to its proper destination and quieting down dutifully, starts circulating lawlessly. It invades distant parts of the mechanism and sets the whole mass of electronic neurons moving in wild oscillations.
The cures administered to psychotic calculators are weirdly like the modern cures for insanity. One method is to overload the calculator with an extra strong electrical impulse in hope that the shock will stop the machine's oscillations. This is rather like the shock treatment given to human psychotics. Another cure is to isolate part of the calculator's mechanism, hoping to cut off the source of trouble. This is "like the lobotomies which brain surgeons perform. Lobotomies sometimes work (for both machine and brain) but are apt to reduce, in both cases, the subject's judgment.