Rick Scott remembers the first time he offered to buy HCA, the Hospital Corp. of America, based in Nashville, Tennessee. He offered $5 billion. Scott, then a 34-year-old Fort Worth, Texas, lawyer, had $125,000 in the bank. They laughed, he recalls fondly. "One guy in Dallas said, 'What are you going to do, Rick? Put it on your MasterCard?' "
A few months later in 1987, Scott quit his law-firm job, founded a company he called Columbia Hospital Corp. and started to buy individual hospitals for a living. Within five years, he and his investment partners raised enough money to buy...