Though it was mercifully short-lived, the specter of a totalitarian regime in Moscow and a revival of the cold war badly frightened the world's major industrial powers. The nightmare evaporated quickly, but it left the wealthy democracies facing an urgent question: What were the best ways to help ensure that the Soviet Union was never again hijacked by hard-liners?
% Shoring up Moscow's economy was clearly the first priority, but there was no unanimity on how to do that. The fault line of debate ran just north of the Bonn-Paris axis. Leaders of Germany and France, with Italy chiming in, rebuked...