Pakistan needed an economic development program, Morton Foods Inc. of Dallas wanted a better potato chip, and General Electric had run into problems building an optical scanner. For help, all three turned to the same place: Arthur D. Little, Inc., a 74-year-old Cambridge, Mass., company that has nothing to sell but brains.
The largest commercial research company in the U.S., A. D. Little has only 1,460 employees. Its offices are unpretentious, and compared with other think-for-pay organizations, its fees are high. But Little's success in solving complex scientific and managerial problems has been so unvarying that it counts among its...