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As recently as five years ago, a birth-control conference would have been unthinkable in South America. Yet there it was last week, in Colombia's rising industrial city of Cali, and on hand for the discussions were 70 edu cators, sociologists, medical men, government welfare workers, demographers and Catholic priests from 20 countries. "The problem of our time," said former Colombian President Alberto Lleras Camargo, "is that through new drugs we have managed to control death. But we have not been able to control the giving of new life. And the result is...