Though anti-Semitism has a long and virulent history in Poland, Jews form a vital and powerful segment of the present Polish government. As in other countries in Eastern Europe, the roots of the Polish Communist Party go back to 19th century Jewish-led organizations. And as Europe's Communist parties grew after World War I, so did the influence of the Jews within them. Dur ing World War II and Nazi occupation, many Polish Communist Jews fled to Russia for sanctuary—and many returned with the Red Army to hold high military, secret-police and administrative...
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