Any system to detect clandestine atom bomb tests must consider tests in space. A nuclear burst in a vacuum does not form a bright fireball; it gives off very little visible light and even if it were as near as the moon, its flash might be too feeble to attract unalerted attention. Sponsors of such a test would know where and when to look for it, and they would have instruments ready, to assess the results. A sneak test of this sort would be difficult and expensive, but not impossible.
Detecting such a test is not impossible either, given the right instruments....
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