Many U. S. music schools (e.g., Curtis, Juilliard, Eastman) maintain their own student orchestras. Yet, when new graduates of these schools try to get jobs with first-rate orchestras, they are generally turned away for lack of experience. In 1920, a red-headed teacher of music theory named Franklin Robinson finally realized that, because of this small but important difference between a music-school graduate and a full-fledged professional, U. S. symphony orchestras were packed with Europeans. Patriotic Teacher Robinson hastened to the late Mrs. E. H. Harriman, asked her to back him in the organization...
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