In the new world of office automation, one of the prime problems has been the fact that not all machines talk the same language. The information from computers, in the form of magnetic tape, punched cards or punched paper tape, must be translated for use by less sophisticated machines. The language of the simpler machines, in turn, has to be translated into a form that computers can use. Also, a computer talking in punched cards cannot talk to a computer operating with I magnetic tape, unless the...
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